{"id":6488,"date":"2026-06-03T17:55:19","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T15:55:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.secolidimezzo.com\/alexander-the-great-and-the-poetic-musical-agons\/musical-competitions-of-alexander-the-great-in-tyre-phoenicia-flavius-arrianus\/"},"modified":"2026-06-03T18:51:33","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T16:51:33","slug":"musical-competitions-of-alexander-the-great-in-tyre-phoenicia-flavius-arrianus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.secolidimezzo.com\/en\/alexander-the-great-and-the-poetic-musical-agons\/musical-competitions-of-alexander-the-great-in-tyre-phoenicia-flavius-arrianus\/","title":{"rendered":"Musical competitions of Alexander the Great in Tyre, Phoenicia (Flavius Arrianus)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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[Topic]<\/strong> Musical competitions of Alexander the Great in Tyre (Phoenicia)<\/p>\n

[Source]<\/strong> Flavius Arrianus, Alexandri Anabasis<\/em> III 6, 1<\/p>\n

[Period]<\/strong> 350\u2013300 BC (331 BC, late spring, end of April\/beginning of May)<\/p>\n<\/div>

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[Text]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>

III 6. 1.<\/strong> \u1f08\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f26\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u039c\u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f94\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u039c\u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039d\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9. \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03c2 \u03a4\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b1 \u1f27\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd. \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03cd\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f56\u03b8\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd<\/strong>. 2.<\/strong> \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21 \u03a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u0394\u03b9\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1\u00b7 \u03be\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03be\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u1fc6\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u1ff3 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f11\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd. 3. <\/strong>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1ff3 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf, \u1f08\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039b\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd. \u03a6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03be\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f08\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

[Translation]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>

III 6. 1<\/strong>. When spring began to show itself, Alexander started form Memphis for Phoenicia; bridges were made for him to cross over the river Nile at Memphis and over all its canals. When he reached Tyre, he found his fleet had already arrived there. At Tyre he sacrificed a second time to Heracles <\/strong>(cf. Arrian, Alex. Anab.<\/em> II 24, 6) and held athletic and musical games<\/strong>. There the Paralus<\/em> from Athens reached him, bringing Diophantus and Achilles as envoys; the entire crew of the Paralus<\/em> were associated with them in the embassy. They achieved all the objects of their mission; in particular Alexander gave up to the Athenians all the Athenians captured at the Granicus (cf. Arrian, Alex. Anab.<\/em> I 29, 5). On learning that there was a movement of revolt against him in the Peloponnese, he sent Amphoterus to help the Peloponnesians who were loyal in regard to the Persian war and were not giving ear to the Lacedaemonians. Orders were also given to the Phoenicians and Cyprians to send to the Peloponnese a hundred ships in addition to those he was despatching under command of Amphoterus. [transl. P. A. Brunt]<\/p>\n<\/div>

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[Comment]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>

In 331 BC, at the beginning of spring, Arrian places Alexander’s departure from Memphis to Phoenicia, but not his arrival in Phoenicia itself nor his arrival in the city of Tyre specifically. Consequently, the gymnastic and musical contests held in Tyre in honour of Heracles in 331 BC, when Alexander was already in the city, cannot be placed at the beginning of spring.<\/p>\n

These contests must be placed between late April and early May, in any case by the end of June 331 BC. The terminus post quem <\/em>is evidenced by the long journey that Alexander had to cover from Memphis to Tyre, as well as by the fact that (see Curtius Rufus, Histories of Alexander <\/em>IV 8, 9\u201316) Alexander left for Phoenicia because of the rebellions in the land of Samaria, towards which he headed from Memphis quanta maxima celeritate potuit<\/em> (see Curtius Rufus IV 8, 10). The terminus ante quem<\/em> is evidenced by the fact that, coming from Tyre, Alexander had already crossed the Tigris River in September 331 BC (see Arrian, Anab. Alex.<\/em> III 7, 6), after stopping briefly in Thapsacus in July (Arrian, Anab. Alex. <\/em>III 7, 1); and this was respectively two and one months after his stay in Tyre in the 331 BC, but six months after the departure from Memphis to Phoenicia.<\/p>\n

In 331 BC, Alexander offers \u201ca second time\u201d (\u03b1\u1f56\u03b8\u03b9\u03c2) sacrifices in Tyre in honor of Heracles. Indeed, he already sacrificed the previous year (i.e. after capturing Ture) in honor of Heracles, who was identified with the Phoenician god Melqart (Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander<\/em> II 24, 6). And now, as returned to Tyre in 331 BC, he celebrates his victory in Samaria by dedicating a golden crater and thirty paterae again to Heracles\/Melqart (Curtius Rufus, Alex. Hist.<\/em> IV 8, 16: his compositis, Herculi Tyrio ex auro crateram cum XXX pateris dicavit<\/em>).<\/p>\n

In 331 BC in Tyre, Alexander held \u2018a second time\u2019 gymnastic contests too. These contests had already been organized the previous year, always after the capture of the city: they took place in the sacred area of the temple of Heracles and included a torch race (Arrian, Anab. Alex.<\/em> II 24, 6). Evidence for these contests in 332 BC also comes from an inscription found at Amphipolis in Macedonia, dating to shortly after 323 B.C.: the inscription records the victories of Antigonus Callas, one of Alexander\u2019s companions, in the arm-running race and the stadium (Inscr. stor. 113 Moretti = CEG<\/em> 879 Hansen). Therefore, similarly sport competitions were probably held again in Tyre in 331 B.C., with members of Alexander\u2019s army taking part once more.<\/p>\n

Lastly, in Tyre in 331 BC Alexander also held musical contests and that\u2019s for the first time in this city. These contests are often identified with the dithyrambic and tragic contests mentioned by Plutarch, Alex<\/em>. 29.1\u20136 (see specific entry). However, Plutarch\u2019s account suggests that those contests were a different event from these discussed here. In fact, unlike Plutarch\u2019s account, Arrian makes it clear that: (1) these musical contests were held together with gymnastic contests as a thanksgiving for the recent victory in Samaria and so were planned immediately after the campaign ended; (2) they took place within the sacrifice to Heracles\/Melqart, the god of Tyre and also a war god, and, together with the gymnastic contests, formed a kind of victory celebration (\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, sc. \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1f71); (3) they were organized quickly, without long preparation, and probably involved \u2013 similarly as the gymnastic ones of 331 AD \u2013 soldiers, companions, and other people already present with Alexander in Tyre.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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[Essential bibliography]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>

Editions and commentaries: P. A. BRUNT, Arrian,<\/em> Anabasis of Alexander. Books I-IV <\/em>, Cambridge, Mass. 1976, 236-239 (translation); J.E. ATKINSON, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus\u2019 <\/em>Historiae Alexandri Magni . Books 3 and 4<\/em>, Amsterdam 1980, comm. ad loc<\/em>.; A. B. BOSWORTH, A Historical Commentary on Arrian\u2019s <\/em>History of Alexander. Vol. I: Commentary on Books I-III<\/em>, Oxford 1980 (rist. 1998), 278-279 (comment); F. SISTI, Arriano,<\/em> Anabasi di Alessandro<\/em>. Vol. I: Libri I-III<\/em>, Milano 20043<\/sup> (20011<\/sup>), 214-215 (text), 476-477 (comment); J.E. ATKINSON, Q. Curzio Rufo, Storie di Alessandro Magno<\/em>, vol. I (Libri III-V), traduzione di V. Antelami, Milano 20033 <\/sup>(19981<\/sup>), 136-139 (text), 367-369 (comment); Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche<\/em>, testo critico, traduzione e commento a cura di L. MORETTI, vol. II: Grecia centrale e settentrionale<\/em>, Firenze 1975, 105-107 (iscr. nr. 113); Carmina Epigraphica Graeca<\/em>, saeculi IV a.Chr. n., edidit P. A. Hansen, Berolini et Novi Eboraci 1989, p. 276 (iscr. nr. 879, with edition and comment).<\/p>\n

Studies: See the studies mentioned about Plutarch, Life of Alexander<\/em> 29, 1-6 (see the specific entry). The agones reported by Arrian here have always been studied together with those described by Plutarch, as they are usually regarded to coincide each other. That contrasts with the interpretation proposed here. At this regard, see S. DELLE DONNE, \u201cAlessandro Magno e gli splendidi agoni<\/em> a Tiro\u201d, in Secoli di mezzo. La poesia e la musica greca del IV secolo a.C<\/em>. Atti del Convegno conclusivo del progetto PRIN 2022 (10-12 novembre 2025, Museo Universitario, Chieti), Urbino 2026, forthcoming.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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[Keywords]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>

Alexander the Great, Samaria, Tyre, Gymnastic competitions, Musical competitions, Herakles, Melqart<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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