[Topic]<\/strong> Musical competitions of Alexander the Great at Menfi (Egypt), for the first time<\/p>\n[Source]<\/strong> Flavius Arrianus, Alexandri Anabasis<\/em> III 1, 4<\/p>\n[Period]<\/strong> 350\u2013300 BC (332 BC, November-December)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Text]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>III 1.1.<\/strong> \u1f08\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7, \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03b2\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u1fc3 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u1fb3 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0393\u03ac\u03b6\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f27\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03ba \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u0391\u1f34\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03a0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3 \u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. 2.<\/strong> \u039c\u03b1\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba \u0394\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f38\u03c3\u03c3\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u1fc7 \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u1fb3 \u1f08\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. 3.<\/strong> \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03a0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u039c\u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f29\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f94\u03b5\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u1fb7 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u039d\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f41\u03b4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03c2 \u1f29\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u00b7 4.<\/strong> \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f27\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c2 \u039c\u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bd\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f0c\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f27\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9.<\/strong> \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u1f72 \u039c\u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u1fb6\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd. 5.<\/strong> \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c2 \u039a\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u1f45\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1fa4\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[Translation]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>III 1.1. <\/strong>Alexander now set out for Egypt, his original goal, and marching from Gaza arrived after six days at Pelusium in Egypt. His fleet coasted along with him from Phoenicia towards Egypt; 2. <\/strong>and he found them already at anchor at Pelusium. Mazaces the Persian, who had been appointed satrap of Egypt by Darius, on learning how the battle of Issus had gone, of the shameful flight of Darius, and that Phoenicia, Syria, and the greater part of Arabia were in Alexander’s hands, and being without any Persian force, received Alexander in a friendly way into the cities and the country. 3.<\/strong> Alexander put a garrison into Pelusium, told the officers of his fleet to sail up the river as far as Memphis and went in person towards Heliopolis, with the river Nile on his right; he took over all the districts on his route through the surrender of the inhabitants, and traversed the desert to reach Heliopolis. 4.<\/strong> Thence he crossed the river and went to Memphis, where he sacrificed to the gods, especially Apis, and held athletic and musical games; the most famous performers in both athletics and music came to him there from Greece<\/strong>. From Memphis he sailed downstream toward the sea, taking on board the hypaspists archers and Agrianians, and from the cavalry the royal squadron of the Companions. 5.<\/strong> When he had reached Canobus and sailed round Lake Mareotis, he went ashore where the city of Alexandria, named after him, is now situated. [transl. by P. A. Brunt, 220-221]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Comment]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>This is the first of the two celebrations organized by Alexander the Great in Memphis, the capital of Egypt, which also included musical contests. After the Battle of Issus (333 BC, 1 November), instead of pursuing Darius III, Alexander chose to turn southward, progressively securing control over Syria and Coelesyria (333-332 BC, winter: seizure of the treasury at Damascus), Phoenicia (332 BC, July: capture of Tyre after a seven-month siege), and Palestine (332 BC, October: fall of Gaza). So, he opened the way to Egypt, reaching Pelusium from Gaza in just seven days (332 BC, November). From there, he advanced directly to Memphis, accepting the voluntary surrender of all the cities he encountered along the way. Once in Memphis, Alexander performed sacrifices in honour of the gods\u2014particularly the Egyptian Apis\u2014and he held here both athletic and musical contests too, enlisting the most renowned technitai<\/em> (professional artists and performers) who had in the meantime arrived from Greece.<\/p>\nIn his account of this episode, Arrian employs an enumerative structure, which clearly reflects the use of an annalistic source. The identical approach is evident in his account of the contests in Soli, i.e. Arrian, Alex. anab.<\/em> II 5, 8 (see entry). The Arrian\u2019s text does not provide definitive evidence to affirm that the religious ceremony in honour of Apis and the other deities and the athletic and musical contests were simultaneously, i.e. components of a single event. Nevertheless, such an interpretation is highly plausible, especially since previously, in the sacrifices and competitions in Soli, this connection is explicitly affirmed by the account of Curtius Rufus, Alex<\/em>. Hist<\/em>. III 7, 2 (see entry).<\/p>\nThe sacrifice held by Alexander the Great reflects certainly historical-cultural and religious-political motivations. Firstly, Apis, foremost among the deities invoked, held a significant position both in Egyptian religion and Greek tradition, where he was identified with Epaphus. The generic reference to \u201cother gods\u201d likely denotes the deities Osiris and Ptah, since in the Egyptian religious context Apis was understood as the \u201csoul of Ptah and Osiris\u201d. So, Alexander embraced a divinity meaningful both to Egypt and to the Greek world, particularly to the Greek community that had long resided in Egypt (Hellenomenphites<\/em>); and evidently the Arrian\u2019s annalistic source mentioned explicitly Apis alone, given the importance of this goddess. Secondly, Apis was a deity against whom the Persian kings had perpetrated multiple sacrilegious offenses occurring both in the long (Cambyses in 525\/524 BC) and in recent past (Artaxerxes III Ochus in 343\/342 BC). So, by performing sacrifices to Apis, Alexander chose a deity that ensured his acceptance as a pro-Egyptian ruler and, especially after his visit to the temple of Amon, as a new pharaoh of divine Egyptian descent too. See Linforth 1910, 84-89; Ehrenberg 1965, 408-413; Dascalakis 1987, 93-94, 98; Mastrocinque 1987, 305-308.<\/p>\nThe competitions held in Memphis, unlike those in Soli, did not include neither a military parade nor the torch race during this event (but the parade will come back for the second celebration at Memphis). This change in the celebration\u2019s previous program seems to be due to the fact that, on this occasion, Alexander had no military victory to commemorate (both the Persian satrap Marzakes and all of Egypt had surrendered to him without resistance). Also, unlike in Soli, Alexander engaged \u201cthe most famous performers in both athletics and music\u201d, i.e. the \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, skilled professionals who came from Greece. The term \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 can refer to various professionals, including athletes and artists such as actors, musicians, and others. Since shortly after at Tyre Alexander held a another similar, but more elaborate, celebration (Plutarch in Alex. Vita <\/em>29.1-6, see entry), scholars suggest that the \u201ctechnitai\u201d at Memphis were probably the same performers who will appear later at Tyre. See Bosworth 1980, 262-263; Sisti 20043<\/sup>, 463 Le Guen 2014, 252, 260-261.<\/p>\nSome evidence the scholars have tried to provide in order to clarify why, once in Memphis, Alexander was joined by professional performers from Greece, actually the most renowned musical (and athletic too?) performers of Greece. On one hand, Alexander likely planned this celebration in Egypt well in advance, dating back to when Egypt became his goal, i.e. after the Battle of Issus, when he decided not to chase Darius III and turned to Syria, Phoenicia and Palestina. Indeed, Arrian III 1.1. introduces this passage by noting that \u201cAlexander now set out for Egypt, his original goal\u201d. And this detail helps explain why the artists were already present (\u1f27\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) when Alexander performed the ceremony for Apis\/Epaphus, despite it occurring in mid-winter, a season generally unfavourable for travel by sea: Alexander must have presumably called the artistic (and athletic?) performers immediately after Issus. See Bloedow 1998, 131-136; Le Guen 2014, 265, 268.<\/p>\n
On the other hand, as Alexander advanced toward Egypt, he conquered or annexed Syria, Cyprus, Sidon, Tyrus and Phoenicia, and Palestina, i.e. he secured progressively the eastern Mediterranean coastline and made maritime travel from Greece increasingly safe from the Persian or Greek enemy navy. Arrian once again provides confirmation of this. In Alex. Anab. <\/em>III 5,2 (see entry) he refers to a period just a few months later the first agonistic event in Memphis and shortly before the second one, and informs that Alexander was reached exactly in Memphis by multiple foreign delegations, a contingent of 400 Greek mercenaries led by Meneta\u2014sent by Antipater, who governed Greece and Macedonia on Alexander\u2019s behalf\u2014and 500 cavalrymen commanded by Asclepiodorus from Thrace. See Bloedow 1998, 136-141.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Essential Bibliography]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>Editions and comments: A. B. BOSWORTH, A Historical Commentary on Arrian\u2019s <\/em>History of Alexander. Vol. I: Commentary on Books I-III<\/em>, Oxford 1980 (repr. 1998), 261-263; F. SISTI (cur.), Arriano,<\/em> Anabasi di Alessandro<\/em>. Vol. I: Libri I-III<\/em>, Milano 20043<\/sup> (20011<\/sup>), 202-205 (text), 462-465 (comment).<\/p>\nStudies: I. M. LINFORTH, \u201cEpaphos and the Egyptian Apis\u201d, University of California Publications in Classical Philology<\/em> 2.5, 1910, 81-92; V. EHRENBERG, Alexander und \u00c4gyten<\/em>, Leipzig 1926, 5-58 = V. EHRENBERG, Polis und Imperium: Beitr\u00e4ge zur alten Geschichte<\/em>, hrsgb. von K. F. Stroheker und A. J. Graham, Z\u00fcrich \u2013 Stuttgart 1965, 399-448; A. DASCALAKIS, \u201cLa d\u00e9ification d\u2019Alexandre le Grand en Egypte et la r\u00e9action en Grece\u201d, StudClas 9, 1967, 93-105; A. MASTROCINQUE, \u201cAlessandro a Menfi\u201d, in Zu Alexander den <\/em>Gro\u00df<\/em>e<\/em>. Festchrift G. Wirth zum 60. Geburtstag am 9.12.86, hrsgb. von W. Will unter Mitarbeit von J. Heinrichs, Amsterdam 1987, 289-307; E. F. BLOEDOW, \u201cThe Significance of the Greek Athletes and Artists at Memphis in Alexander\u2019s Strategy after the Battle of Issus\u201d, QUCC<\/em> n.s. 59.2, 1998, 129-142; B. LE GUEN, \u201cTheatre, Religion and Politics at Alexander\u2019s Travelling Royal Court\u201d, in Great Theatre in the Fourth Century B.C.<\/em>, ed. by E. Csapo, H. Rupprecht Goette, J. R. Green, P. Wilson, Berlin \u2013 Boston 2014, 249-274.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Keywords]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>Alexander the Great, musical competitions, athletic competitions, technitai<\/em>, professional artists, professional performers, Apis, Epaphus.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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