[Topic] <\/strong>Music and Politics<\/p>\n[Source] <\/strong>Plut. (?) De unius in republica dominatione <\/em>827a-c<\/p>\n[Period]<\/strong> 400\u2013350 BC<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Text]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\u1f6d\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f41 \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u1f74\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1ff3\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c9\u03bd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f73\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0387 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03a0\u03bb\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u1f77\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f7b\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7b\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b2\u1f77\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u1f73\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bb\u1f7b\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03b8\u1f71\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u0387 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u1f74\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f40\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u039b\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u1f77\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f21\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03b3\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c7\u1f79\u03c1\u03b4\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u1f77\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u1fb3, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1fbf \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u1f71\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fbf \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f56\u03b8\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c6\u1f7b\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1fbf \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u1f77\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f71\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f15\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd, \u03a0\u03bb\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f44\u03c1\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f75\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u1f71\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u1f75\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u1f71\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03b1\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u1f7a\u03bd \u03b2\u1f73\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1fbf \u1f67\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b6\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u0391\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u1f7b\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1fa7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f7b\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u1f75\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd
\n\u03c3\u1f7b \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u1fb7\u03c2, \u03c3\u1f7b \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div>
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[Critical apparatus]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 Turb\u00e8be Xylander: \u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 codd.; \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1ff7 Duebner: \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 codd.; \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 M\u00e9ziriac: \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 codd.; \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 Vit. Demetr. <\/em> Codex Parisinus gr. 1679 Xylander : om. U\u03b1A \u03b1\u1f56 \u039cette.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Translation]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\u00abSo, just as a real musician will make use of every instrument harmoniously, adapting it skilfully and striking each one with regard to its natural tunefulness, and yet, following Plato\u2019s advice [Resp.<\/em> 399c-e], will give up guitars, banjoes, psalteries with their many sounds, harps and string triangles and prefer the lyre and the cithara; in the same way the real statesman will manage successfully the oligarchy that Lycurgus established at Sparta, adapting to himself the colleagues who have equal power and honour and quietly forcing them to do his will; he will also get on well in a democracy with its many sounds and strings by loosening the strings in some matters of government and tightening them in others, relaxing at the proper time and then again holding fast mightily, knowing how to resist the masses and to hold his ground against them. But if he were given the choice among governments, like so many tools, he would follow Plato\u2019s advice [Pol.<\/em> 302b-e] and choose no other than monarchy, the only one which is able to sustain that top note of virtue, high in the highest sense, and never let it be tuned down under compulsion or expediency. For the other forms of government in a certain sense, although controlled by the statesman, control him, and although carried along by him, carry him along, since he has no firmly established strength to oppose those from whom his strength is derived, but is often compelled to exclaim in the words of Aeschylus which Demetrius the City-stormer employed against Fortune after he had lost his hegemony,<\/p>\nThou fanst my flame, methinks thou burnst me up. [fr. 359 R.]\u00bb [Transl. Henderson 1911]<\/p>\n<\/div>
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[Commentary]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>In this passage, drawn from the pamphlet De unius in republica dominatione, populari statu et paucorum imperio<\/em>, attributed (not unanimously) to Plutarch, the author proposes an interesting comparison between the expert in musical theory and practice on the one hand (\u1f41 \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1) and the politician on the other (\u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1). The author repeatedly uses technical musical vocabulary to describe, by means of metaphors, the work of the politician within the various forms of regime, among which the author himself does not hide his preference for monarchy. Democracy is defined as \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, adjectival compounds with negative connotation, according to the sources of the 4th century, in particular with reference to the detractors of the so-called New Music (cf. the diametrically opposed term, with positive connotation, oligochordia<\/em>, for example in [Plut .] De mus.<\/em> 1137a). It should also be remembered that Plato uses the adjective \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 in reference to the \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 an instrument that will be excluded from the politeia<\/em> \u2013 in Resp.<\/em> 399d. In general, the (pseudo-)Plutarchian passage clearly echoes some positions both in a political key and in an ethical-musical sense, set out by Plato in various dialogues. It is interesting to note how, in the Republic<\/em> itself, the poikilia<\/em> of democracy \u2013 here too, like the polychordia<\/em>, connoted in a negative sense \u2013 is explained by Socrates to Adeimantus through a visual metaphor: \u00ab[a]s a variegated cloak embroidered with flowers of every sort, so too this, which is a true mosaic of characters, may appear most beautiful. And most beautiful, I continued, will perhaps be judged by many, similar to children and women who contemplate objects of various colors\u00bb. [Plat. Resp.<\/em> 557c].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Bibliography]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>J.-C. CARRI\u00c8RE \u2013 M. CUVIGNY (eds), Plutarque, Oeuvres morales, Tome XI, 2e partie: Trait\u00e9s 52 et 53<\/em>, Pr\u00e9ceptes politiques<\/em> (Carri\u00e8re), Sur la monarchie, la d\u00e9mocratie, l\u2019oligarchie<\/em> (Cuvigny), Paris 1984, pp. 148-157; G. COMOTTI (saggio introduttivo di) \u2013 R. BALLERIO (trad. e note di), Plutarco. La musica <\/em>, Milano 2000, 48-49 n. 90; E. LELLI \u2013 G. PISANO (edd.), Plutarco. Tutti i Moralia <\/em>, Milano 2017, 1583-1585 e 2839-2840; P. LEVEN, The Many-Headed Muse. Tradition and Innovation in Late Classical Greek Lyric Poetry <\/em>, Cambridge 2014, 81-82; M. MAAS, \u2018Polychordia and the Fourth-Century Greek Lyre\u2019, The Journal of Musicology<\/em> 10.1, 1992, 74\u201388; E. ROCCONI, Le parole delle Muse: la formazione del lessico tecnico musicale nella Grecia antica<\/em>, Roma 2003, 35 n. 183.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
[Keywords]<\/strong><\/p><\/div>Music, politics, polychordia<\/em>, sonorous and musical metaphors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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[Francesco Bu\u00e8]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-testimonies-about-music"],"yoast_head":"\n
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